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En hetebølge er en lengre periode med høy varme. Hetebølger forbindes gjerne med tørke og flere andre utfordringer for enkeltpersoner og samfunnet.
Hetebølger kan føre til dehydrering og heteslag. Også mindre alvorlige bieffekter som problemer med søvn, hodepine og generell redusert allmenntilstand er mulige konsekvenser av hetebølger.
Hetebølger øker også faren for materielle skader som ødelagte avlinger og solslyng på jernbaneskinner.
Betegnelsen «norsk hetebølge» brukes for å skille hetebølger i Norge fra hetebølge-fenomenene i blant annet Spania, California og Canada der temperaturene og de påfølgende skadene er betydelig høyere. Ved hetebølger i Europa og USA er det påvist overdødelighet hos eldre personer. I en studie fra 2018 ble det ikke registrert en økning i dødsfall i Norge knyttet til hetebølger, men klimaendringer og hyppigere hetebølger gjør at dette kan være i endring.
Hvordan definere hetebølge
Det finnes ingen standardisert definisjon av begrepet hetebølge som brukes felles av alle land. Det kommer blant annet av at det som oppleves som unormale temperaturer i ett område, kan være normale temperaturer i et annet område. I tillegg er det mange ulike kriterier som kan legges til grunn for å definere en hetebølge. Blant annet valg av minimumslengde på antall dager med varme, hvilken eller hvilke temperaturmålinger som brukes (døgn-gjennomsnitt, døgn-minimum eller døgn-maksimum), og om luftfuktighet også tas med i beregningen. Både opplevd varme og faktiske konsekvenser av høy temperatur vil avhenge av hvor man befinner seg. Det betyr at definisjonen man velger i hvert enkelt land, er fastsatt etter hva som er målet med å formidle hetebølgene i områdene landet dekker.
Norsk definisjon
Tidligere har Meteorologisk institutt (MET) brukt samme definisjon på hetebølge som Danmarks Meteorologiske institutt (DMI): Gjennomsnittet av maksimumstemperaturen over tre sammenhengende dager er større enn eller lik 28 ºC.
Fra 1. juni 2022 etablerer MET en overvåkning av hetebølger. Samtidig, som et prøveprosjekt for sommeren, justeres den tidligere definisjonen. Dette innebærer å inkludere minimumstemperaturen, det vil si nattetemperaturen, samt å øke antall dager fra tre til fem dager.
Den nye definisjonen for hetebølge er: Gjennomsnittet over fem sammenhengende dager der maksimumstemperaturen er større eller lik 28,0 ℃, samtidig som gjennomsnittet av minimumstemperaturen er større eller lik 16 ℃.
For eksempel vil kriteriene være oppfylt hvis maksimumstemperaturen fem dager etter hverandre er 29, 27, 28, 27 og 29 ℃. Det samme hvis minimumstemperaturen er 17, 15, 16, 15 og 17 ℃. Gjennomsnittet for disse fem dagene er da 28 ℃ for maksimumstemperaturen og 16 ℃ for minimumstemperaturen, slik som figuren med eksempel på hetebølge under viser.
Definisjonen tar ikke hensyn til hvor stort område som må være berørt for at det skal kalles hetebølge, altså er det per definisjon nok at én målestasjon tilfredsstiller kriteriene.
Les mer i Store norske leksikon
Eksterne lenker
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